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House of Representatives —98 , b. Harrisburg, Pa. A history professor, he was first elected as a Republican from Georgia in and became the leader of those House conservatives who favored using confrontational tactics to challenge the Democrats' long-time control of the House. He helped force Speaker Jim Wright 's resignation in by questioning his financial dealings.

That same year Gingrich became House minority whip.

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Often didactic, frequently combative, Gingrich led Republicans in attempts to enact conservative legislation, leading to conflicts with President Bill Clinton , most dramatically over the budget in and The Republicans' program was only partially successful, and Clinton's confrontations with Gingrich and the House helped to restore some of the stature the president had lost after the elections.

In the House elections, Republicans retained the majority and Gingrich his speakership, but he began to lose favor with the conservative bloc, who saw him as backing away from their principles. In early , the House, after an investigation initiated in , reprimanded Gingrich for campaign funding violations. In the congressional elections, Democrats made substantial gains in the midst of the Clinton impeachment see Lewinsky scandal , and Gingrich abruptly resigned his speakership and House seat.

He subsequently was associated with a Washington think tank and worked as a television-network political commentator, and was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican presidential nomination. Gingrich's books include To Renew America , Winning the Future , and Pearl Harbor , an historical novel which he cowrote. See J. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed.